金纳米线偏置芯光子晶体光纤表面等离子体共振温度与折射率传感

侯尚林; 董洁; 杨旭东; 刘庆敏; 谢彩健; 武刚; 晏祖勇

doi:10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0034

金纳米线偏置芯光子晶体光纤表面等离子体共振温度与折射率传感

1.
兰州理工大学理学院, 甘肃兰州 730050
2.
仲恺农业工程学院信息科学与技术学院, 广东广州 510225

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中图分类号: TN29
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-07-04
- 修回日期: 2025-07-21
- 录用日期: 2025-08-25
- 网络出版日期: 2025-09-20

Gold nanowire bias-core PCF-SPR temperature and refractive index sensing

doi: 10.37188/CO.EN-2025-0034

1.
School of Science, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
2.
College of Information Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China

Funds: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61665005); Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (No. 24JRRA208)

More Information

Author Bio:
HOU Shang-lin (1970—), male, born in Qin’an, Gansu Province, Professor, he received his PhD from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications in 2008. He is mainly engaged in the research of new optical fiber and high-speed optical communication devices, next-generation high-speed all-optical communication networks, optical fiber sensor devices and networks. E-mail: houshanglin@vip.163.com

DONG Jie (2004—), Undergraduate student, mainly engaged in the study and research of optical fiber sensing technology. E-mail: DongJie13830816927@163.com

Corresponding author: houshanglin@vip.163.com

摘要

摘要:
针对现有光子晶体光纤表面等离子体共振（PCF-SPR）传感器存在的金属薄膜涂覆工艺复杂、单参数检测集成度低等问题，本文提出一种基于金纳米线集成偏置芯PCF-SPR的双参数传感器。该传感器突破传统孔内镀膜或金属薄膜结构，通过化学气相沉积（CVD）将金纳米线直接附着于光纤包层，避免了镀膜不均问题并显著简化制备工艺。通过优化非对称偏置芯光纤结构并利用金纳米线的强局域场增强效应，该传感器在双偏振模式下实现了温度（25~60 °C）与折射率（1.31~1.40）的高灵敏度同步检测。仿真实验表明：x偏振模式可实现1.31~1.40折射率检测，最大波长灵敏度与振幅灵敏度分别达14800 nm/RIU和−1724.25 RIU⁻¹，最高折射率分辨率为6.75×10⁻⁶ RIU；y偏振模式折射率检测范围达1.34~1.40，最大波长灵敏度与振幅灵敏度分别为28400 nm/RIU和−1298.93 RIU⁻¹，最高折射率分辨率为3.52×10⁻⁶ RIU。在25~60 °C温度传感中，传感器表现出7.8 nm/°C的波长灵敏度与1.38×10⁻⁶ °C的高分辨率。该设计通过金纳米线与偏置芯结构的协同作用，在简化制备工艺的同时实现了多参数检测，为生化监测、环境传感等领域的集成化应用提供了新思路。
- 光子晶体光纤 /
- 表面等离子体共振 /
- 金纳米线 /
- 温度 /
- 传感器
Abstract:
To address the challenges of complex metallic film coating processes and low integration in single-parameter detection for existing photonic crystal fiber surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) sensors, a dual-parameter sensor based on gold nanowire-integrated bias-core PCF-SPR is proposed. Unlike conventional in-hole coatings or metallic film structures, the gold nanowires are directly attached to the fiber cladding via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), eliminating uneven coating issues and significantly simplifying fabrication. By optimizing the asymmetric bias-core fiber structure and leveraging the strong localized field enhancement of gold nanowires, the sensor achieves high-sensitivity synchronous detection of temperature (25−60 °C) and refractive index (1.31−1.40) in dual-polarization modes. The simulation results demonstrate that the x-polarization mode can achieve 1.31−1.40 refractive index detection with maximum wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity of 14800 nm/RIU and −1724.25 RIU⁻¹, and maximum refractive index resolution of 6.75×10⁻⁶ RIU. The y-polarization mode achieves refractive index detection range of 1.34−1.40, and the maximum wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity are 28400 nm/RIU and −1298.93 RIU⁻¹, and the maximum refractive index resolution is 3.52×10⁻⁶ RIU. For temperature sensing, the sensor exhibits a wavelength sensitivity of 7.8 nm/°C and a high resolution of 1.38×10⁻⁶ °C over the range of 25−60 °C. This design synergizes gold nanowires and the bias-core architecture to simplify fabrication while enabling multi-parameter detection. The proposed sensor offers new insights for integrated applications in biochemical monitoring, environmental sensing, and related fields.
- photonic crystal fiber /
- surface plasmon resonance /
- gold nanowires /
- temperature /
- sensor

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Figure 1. Gold nanowire biased core PCF-SPR sensor. (a) Two-dimensional cross-sectional diagram; (b) three-dimensional structure; (c) three-dimensional perspective view

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Figure 2. Confinement loss spectral and effective refractive index curves of the fundamental mode and SPP mode as a function of wavelength for (a) x-polarized fundamental mode and (b) y-polarized fundamental mode

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Figure 3. Electric field distributions of x- and y-polarized fundamental modes at different wavelengths. (a) (d) 900 nm; (b) (e) 1055 nm; (c) (f) 1200 nm

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Figure 4. Confinement spectra of (a) x-polarized fundamental mode and (b) y-polarized fundamental mode for different refractive indices

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Figure 5. Variation of amplitude sensitivity with wavelength for (a) x-polarized fundamental mode and (b) y-polarized fundamental mode at different refractive indices

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Figure 6. Variation of resonance wavelength with refractive index in (a) x-polarized fundamental mode and (b) y-polarized fundamental mode

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Figure 7. Variation of refractive index of alcohol-chloroform mixtures with temperature

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Figure 8. Confinement spectra of (a) x-polarized fundamental mode and (b) y-polarized fundamental mode at different temperatures

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Figure 9. Variation of resonance wavelength with temperature in (a) x-polarization mode and (b) y-polarization mode

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Table 1. Performance of single gold nanowire bias-core PCF-SPR refractive index sensor

Refractive index of the substance to be measured (RIU)	Polarization type	Wavelength sensitivity (nm/RIU)	Amplitude sensitivity (RIU⁻¹)	Resolution (RIU)
1.31	x-polarization	1600	−192.57	6.25×10⁻⁵
1.31	y-polarization	−	−	−
1.32	x-polarization	2400	−235.16	4.17×10⁻⁵
1.32	y-polarization	−	−	−
1.33	x-polarization	2400	−291.80	4.17×10⁻⁵
1.33	y-polarization	−	−	−
1.34	x-polarization	3200	−362.15	3.13×10⁻⁵
1.34	y-polarization	3200	−150.50	3.13×10⁻⁵
1.35	x-polarization	4000	−459.04	2.50×10⁻⁵
1.35	y-polarization	4400	−240.16	2.27×10⁻⁵
1.36	x-polarization	4800	−586.60	2.08×10⁻⁵
1.36	y-polarization	5600	−380.72	1.79×10⁻⁵
1.37	x-polarization	6400	−778.15	1.56×10⁻⁵
1.37	y-polarization	8000	−622.04	1.25×10⁻⁵
1.38	x-polarization	9200	−1176.40	1.09×10⁻⁵
1.38	y-polarization	12000	−1202.94	8.33×10⁻⁶
1.39	x-polarization	14800	−1724.25	6.75×10⁻⁶
1.39	y-polarization	28400	−1298.93	3.52×10⁻⁶
1.40	x-polarization	−	−	−
1.40	y-polarization	−	−	−

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Table 2. Temperature sensing performance of single gold nanowire bias-core PCF-SPR sensors

Temperature to be measured ( °C)	Polarization type	Wavelength sensitivity (nm/°C)	Resolution (°C)
25	x-polarization	5.6	1.79×10⁻²
25	y-polarization	7.8	1.28×10⁻²
30	x-polarization	5	2×10⁻²
30	y-polarization	7	1.43×10⁻²
35	x-polarization	5.4	1.85×10⁻²
35	y-polarization	6	1.67×10⁻²
40	x-polarization	3.6	2.78×10⁻²
40	y-polarization	5.4	1.85×10⁻²
45	x-polarization	3.8	2.63×10⁻²
45	y-polarization	4.8	2.08×10⁻²
50	x-polarization	3.6	2.78×10⁻²
50	y-polarization	4.4	2.27×10⁻²
55	x-polarization	3.2	3.13×10⁻²
55	y-polarization	4	2.5×10⁻²
60	x-polarization	−	−
60	y-polarization	−	−

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Table 3. Comparison of sensing performance of different PCF-SPR sensors

Sensor structure	Temperature ( °C)	RI (RIU)	S_T (nm/°C)	S_λ (nm/RIU)	Year	Ref.
Dual symmetrical eccentric-core	−	1.13~1.35	−	17500	2020	[27]
PCF	−	1.13~1.45	−	40000	2023	[28]
PCF	−	1.34-1.39	−	51200	2024	[29]
ARF	20-30	−	10.8	−	2024	[30]
PCF	0-100	1.410~1.435	6.6	29800	2025	[31]
PCF	25-60	1.31~1.40	7.8	28400	2025	This work

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